Models of biosensors based on principles of potentiometric and amperometric transducers: Use in medicine, biotechnology, and environmental monitoring (Review)

Various types of potentiometric and amperometric biosensors are characterized: microbial sensors with Gluconobacter oxydans cells with potentiometric (pH-sensitive field-effect transistor) and amperometric (Clark-type) electrodes for determining glucose; a potentiometric enzymatic electrode with butyrylcholinesterase, which is used in a biosensor designed to detect pesticides; immunosensors with pH-sensitive field-effect transistors that detect the herbicide 2,4-D; a biosensor for human immunoglobulin G; biosensors with anaerobic bacteria Clostridium thermocellum; chemical and enzymatic sensors containing a photosensitive membrane for determining ammonium ions and urea; and amperometric microbial sensors prepared with Pseudomonas cells for determining naphthalene, biphenyl, and polychlorinated benzoates. Practical applications of the developed models of biosensors to medicine, biotechnology, and environmental monitoring are discussed.