Morpho: A decoupled MapReduce framework for elastic cloud computing.

MapReduce as a service enjoys wide adoption in commercial clouds today  [3], [23]. But most cloud providers just deploy native Hadoop  [24] systems on their cloud platforms to provide MapReduce services without any adaptation to these virtualized environments  [6], [25]. In cloud environments, the basic executing units of data processing are virtual machines. Each user’s virtual cluster needs to deploy HDFS  [26] every time when it is initialized, while the user’s input and output data should be transferred between the HDFS and external persistent data storage to ensure that the native Hadoop works properly. These costly data movements can lead to significant performance degradation of MapReduce jobs in the cloud.