Effects of high ammonium level on biomass accumulation of common duckweed Lemna minor L.

Growing common duckweed Lemna minor L. in diluted livestock wastewater is an alternative option for pollutants removal and consequently the accumulated duckweed biomass can be used for bioenergy production. However, the biomass accumulation can be inhibited by high level of ammonium (NH 4 + ) in non-diluted livestock wastewater and the mechanism of ammonium inhibition is not fully understood. In this study, the effect of high concentration of NH 4 + on L. minor biomass accumulation was investigated using NH 4 + as sole source of nitrogen (N). NH 4 + -induced toxicity symptoms were observed when L. minor was exposed to high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N) after a 7-day cultivation. L. minor exposed to the NH 4 + -N concentration of 840 mg l −1 exhibited reduced relative growth rate, contents of carbon (C) and photosynthetic pigments, and C/N ratio. Ammonium irons were inhibitory to the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and caused C/N imbalance in L. minor . These symptoms could further cause premature senescence of the fronds, and restrain their reproduction, growth and biomass accumulation. L. minor could grow at NH 4 + -N concentrations of 7–84 mg l −1 and the optimal NH 4 + -N concentration was 28 mg l −1 .