Investigation of spontaneous magnetization of coupled 2×2 superconducting π ring array

We present the theoretical investigation of spontaneous magnetization of a coupled 2×2 π ring array. It is indicated by free energy calculation that the system has the lowest energy when the four π rings have the full antiparallel configuration. Furthermore, the numerical evaluation results show that the system which favours full antiparallel spontaneous magnetization is a quantum effect deriving from the phase cohering of the superconducting quantum wavefunctions in the four superconducting rings through the shared Josephson junctions.