Decreased expression of interleukin-36α correlates with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma

Interleukin-36α (IL-36α) has been found to have a prominent role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders; however, little is known about the role of IL-36α in cancer. In this study, we investigated the expression, prognostic value, and the underlying antitumor mechanism of IL-36α in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). From immunohistochemistry analysis, IL-36α expression was lower in poorly differentiated HCC cells. In clinicopathological analysis, low IL-36α expression significantly correlated with tumor size, histological differentiation, tumor stage, and vascular invasion, and low intratumoral IL-36α expression had significantly worse overall survival rates and shorter disease-free survival rates. Moreover, intratumoral IL-36α expression was an independent risk factor for overall survival. Consecutive sections were used to detect CD3 + , CD8 + , and CD4 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and we found that high-IL-36α-expressing tumor tissues exhibited a significantly higher proportion of intratumoral CD3 + and CD8 + TILs, but not CD4 + TILs. Our in vitro model confirmed that supernatant from IL-36α-overexpressing human HCC cells had an increased capacity to recruit CD3 + and CD8 + T cells. Consistently, mouse HCC cells engineered to overexpress IL-36α demonstrated markedly delayed growth in vivo, as well as higher levels of intratumoral CD3 + and CD8 + TILs, compared with control mice. In vitro chemotaxis analysis also showed that mouse HCC cells overexpressing IL-36α could recruit more number of CD3 + and CD8 + T cells. These results show that IL-36α expression may play a pivotal role in determining the prognosis of patients with HCC, which we attribute to the activation of adaptive T cell immunity, especially CD8 + T cell immune response.