A case of asynchronous development of transitional cell carcinoma in the bladder and renal pelvis after prolonged cyclophosphamide therapy

Urinary bladder cancers occurring after prolonged cyclophosphamide therapy are being increasingly reported. Cyclophosphamide-induced cancer in the upper urinary tract is not, however, generally recognized. We report a case of asynchronous development of transitional cell carcinoma in the bladder and renal pelvis, after prolonged cyclophosphamide therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. To date, at least 8 cyclophosphamide-related cancers have been reported in the upper tract. These cases are reviewed briefly.