Measurement And Monitoring Of Ejected Proton Beam 58 Of Cern Proton Synchrotron

Instantaneous Proton flux densities of the order of 1011 to 1020 p cm-2 s-1 have to be measured and monitored in this ejected proton beam, the mean fluxes being about 1010 to 1012 p s-1, the burst durations ranging from about 108 to 10-1 s and the beam cross sections from 10-1 to several cm2. These fluxes are much higher than those encountered previously in secondary beams but not yet high enough for macroscopic methods to be comfortably usable. Another difficulty results from the increased radiation damage. For the observation of the particle distribution in space and time, fluorescent screens and television, special nuclear emulsions and plastic counters are used; while current transformers and a secondary emission chamber serve for intensity measurements during normal operation. The choice of these detectors and monitors, their characteristics, their calibration, and experience with operation since Autumn 1965, are discussed.