Study of CdSe/CdS Quantum Dots in Solutions and Gels by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

The sizes of semiconductor nanocrystals of CdSe/CdS quantum dots (QDs) synthesized by the colloidal method were estimated using small-angle X-ray scattering. The distribution of QD nanocrystals in organic solvents of different polarities and in polymer gels and matrices is studied. Structural invariants of scattering QD particles (heterogeneities of the electron density)—namely, inertia radii and sizes, forms, and dispersive composition of particles—are determined. The contribution of scattering by QDs in solutions and gels is calculated. The effective sizes of particles and their aggregates are determined, and the parameters of the distribution over the QD sizes in organic solvents and polymer matrices are estimated. The typical distance between particles in samples is determined. The position of the maximum at the beginning of the small-angle scattering curves corresponds to the distance d m = 2π/ h 0 between the planes (here, h 0 is the position of the maximum on the scale h ). It is 74–76.9 Å for solutions, 60 Å for gels, and 99 Å for polymer matrices with concentrations of up to 0.15% and 77 Å for those with the concentrations exceeding 0.15%, which is close to the estimation of the sizes of separate CdSe QDs that was obtained from the distribution histograms (60–80 Å). This result shows that CdSe/CdS QDs introduced in the polymer matrices disperse to form either separate particles or small aggregates and located at a distance on the order of 80 Å from each other.