Seed Setting Pattern and Sustainable Management of Pinus koraiensis Forests in Liangshui Nature Reserve

Typical over-mature,mature and middle-aged Korean pine forests were selected in Liangshui Nature Reserve to study the fruiting law of Korean pine.Results showed that the total seed output of Korean pine in Liangshui Nature Reserve was(720 292.9 ± 346 261.3) kg during 2005-2009,in which the harvest year(2008) accounted for 71.998%,the average years(2005,2007) for 22.336%,and the lean year(2006) for 5.666%.The seed output of Korean pine forests in harvest and lean years ranked as mature forest,over-mature forest and middle-aged forest from high to low,while the seed output of over-mature forest and mature forest was higher than that of middle-aged forest in average year.In harvest,average and lean years,the seed output per tree in mature forest was the highest,followed by mature forest and middle-aged forest.Pine nuts could be harvested in the over-mature,mature and middle-aged forests in harvest year in order to ensure the sustainable management of the Korean pine forests,and the harvest rate should be less than 84% of the total reserves.In average year,pine nuts could be harvested in over-mature and mature forests by controlling the harvest rate less than 50% of the total.In lean year,all the Korean forests should be closed,and harvest of pine nuts should be prohibited.