The increased potential for the production of inflammatory cytokines by Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages eight days after thermal injury

Burn patients often experience a devastating inflammatory response to infection within the first two weeks after thermal injury. The inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF and IL-1 have been implicated in this condition but most studies have focused on the abnormal levels of cytokines in the plasma. In this study the production of cytokines was compared for Kupffer cells versus splenic macrophages; endotoxin (LPS) stimulation versus no stimulation; and burn (post burn days 1, 3 and 8) versus no burn (control). Corresponding serum levels of IL-6 were also determined. Kupffer cells from normal or burned animals were shown to produce much higher amounts of the inflammatory cytokines than that produced by splenic macrophages. An exception to this was the equal production of TNF by LPS-stimulated hepatic and splenic cells. Both LPS-stimulated Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages produced larger amounts of the cytokines than that produced by the unstimulated cells. There was a significant effect of thermal injury on cytokine production by LPS-stimulated Kupffer cells at post burn day 8 and on TNF production by stimulated splenic macrophages also at post burn day eight. Although there was a statistically significant effect of thermal injury at post burn day 8 on IL-1 production by unstimulated splenic macrophages, the absolute amount of cytokine produced was very small. The results suggest that by post burn day 8 the cells may have become primed to respond to a stimulus such as endotoxin (LPS), a condition that could arise in a burn patient from sepsis. Strangely, the large spike in serum IL-6 level occurred at post burn day one and the level of the cytokine returned nearly to the control value on post burn days 3 and 8.