Direct observational coding of staff who are the victims of assault.

Staff members in psychiatric hospitals are frequently assaulted by patients. When asked what events triggered specific assaults on staff, staff and patients disagree. Staff members usually say that symptoms of psychosis led to the assault, whereas patients usually say aversive interactions with staff triggered the incident. For years, experts have called for direct observational research to address this issue and possibly resolve the discrepancy found in the verbal-report data. Over 26,000 hr of direct observational coding of staff activities, including staff patient interactions, was collected across 10 years by independent, noninteractive raters on Social Learning Program units. Eight of nine kinds of aversive staff patient interactions occurred more frequently among staff members who had been assaulted. One possible interpretation of these data is that aversive interactions lead to assaults on staff, but other possibilities must be considered. Practical recommendations for reducing likelihood of assault are detailed.