Major parametric effects on isothermality in horizontal steam-generating tubes at low- and moderate-steam qualities

In some special boiler installations (for example, once-through boilers and fluidized-bed type boilers), horizontal or slightly inclined steam-generating tubes are used for technological or other reasons. One of the problems of these installations, leading to frequent failures, appears to be the circumferential anisothermality that occurs at certain operating and geometric conditions in the horizontal boiler tubes. This is a serious constraint for successful boiler design and maintenance.