Evaluation of the Effect of Pb Pollution on Avian Influenza Virus-Specific Antibody Production in Black-Headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus)

Simple Summary Lead (Pb) is an environmental pollutant with reported contamination from mammals to fish. In particular, birds are often reported to be poisoned, and populations of some avian species have even reduced. In this study, we examined the causal relationship between the effects on immune function, which is one of the biological effects caused by Pb pollution, and focused on the expression of avian influenza virus (AIV) antibodies. Among black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) that migrate in winter, two populations were targeted in this study: one was overwintering in Tokyo Bay (Tokyo Bay population; TBP) and the other in Mikawa Bay (Mikawa Bay population; MBP). Pb pollution was evaluated based on blood lead levels (BLL) and antibody positive rate (infection history), and antibody titer was evaluated using serum. The results indicated that the antibody titer was significantly decreased owing to increased BLL in MBP. There were no significant year-to-year differences in BLL or antibody titer. In the wintering period, antibody titer was also significantly decreased owing to increased BLL in TBP. The findings of this study indicated that Pb pollution had a possible negative effect on the antibody production of AIV. Lead (Pb), an environmental pollutant, has been widely reported to have contaminated mammals, including humans and birds. This study focuses on the effects of Pb pollution on avian influenza virus (AIV) antibody production. A total of 170 black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) were captured in Tokyo Bay (TBP) from January 2019 to April 2020 and in Mikawa Bay (MBP) from November 2019 to April 2021. The gulls were weighed, subjected to blood sampling, and released with a ring band on their tarsus. The samples were used to measure blood Pb levels (BLL) and AIV-specific antibodies. The BLL were compared using the Wilcoxon two-sample test between the period when black-headed gulls arrived and the wintering period, defined by the number of gulls counted in each area. A significant increase was found in the TBP. A decrease in BLL significantly increased antibody titer during wintering in TBP and MBP. Pb pollution had a negative effect on the production of AIV antibodies. These findings suggest that wild birds that were contaminated by Pb in the environment may facilitate the spread of zoonotic diseases, further increasing the possibility that environmental pollutants may threaten human health.