(R)-(+)-Limonene, Kairomone For Dastarcus Helophoroides, A Natural Enemy Of Longhorned Beetles

1 Chemical cues involved in host location by Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae), a parasitoid of Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky, Monochamus alternatus Hope, Massicus raddei (Blessig), Apriona germari (Hope), Apriona swainsoni (Hope) and Batocera horsfielde (Hope) in the family Cerambycidae, were investigated in a Y-tube olfactometer. Responses of D. helophoroides adults toward odour sources from their host (M. raddei) and host tree (Quercus mongolicus Fisch. ex. Turcz.) were tested in either no-choice or two-way choice tests. Wood with larval tunnels and larvae frass were attractive to D. helophoroides. Both sexes showed attraction to wood with larval tunnels.2 Volatile chemicals emitted from wood with larval tunnels and larval frass were collected on Porapak Q and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Several compounds identified from these sources, including alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, Delta-3-carene, limonene and beta-myrcene, were tested against D. helophoroides in the same Y-tube olfactometer.3 The result showed that D. helophoroides adults were attracted to (R)-(+)-limonene, with or without the background odour from uninfested fresh wood. This may suggest that (R)-(+)-limonene is an important kairomone for this parasitic beetle.4 Dose-dependent response of D. helophoroides adults to (R)-(+)-limonene indicated that D. helophoroides adults showed significant attraction to (R)-(+)-limonene when release rates exceeded 2.08 mu g/h in Y-tube olfactometer tests. Moreover, significantly more A. glabripennis larvae were parasitized by D. helophoroides in the presence of R-(+)-limonene, relative to the control in cage experiments.