The quality of the aquatic environment and macrophytes of karstic watercourses

The quality of the aquatic environment and macrophytes were surveyed in the case of the remarkable karstic river Ljubljanica s. lat. (Slovenia). It consists of seven intermittent and permanent surface watercourses, connected by groundwater flows. We assessed 11 parameters describing the land use beyond the riparian zone, the structure of the riparian zone and stream channel morphology, as well as the distribution and abundance of macrophytes. The intermittent watercourses exhibited a relatively high level of naturalness, because the variable water regime prevents intensive human activity. Greater influence of the human activity on the permanent watercourses resulted in a modified riverine environment. The share of different ecological groups of macrophytes, i.e. submerged, emerged and amphibious species, reflected the water regimes of the different watercourses. A total of 62 taxa of macrophytes were identified in about 100 km of length examined. Of these, amphibious macrophytes dominated as a consequence of intermittent water regime. The relationship between environmental parameters and macrophytes, and the effects of the intermittent hydrology were investigated. All environmental parameters explained 28% of the variance in the distribution of macrophytes in watercourses, as determined by canonical correspondence analysis. Completeness of the riparian zone, bank undercutting and sediment accumulation were found to be the most influential.