An overview of the pollination interactions between the ginger family (Zingiberaceae) and insects in Asia

The plant-biotic pollinator interaction is crucial for the survival of both organisms. Insects are recognised as eff ective biotic pollinators. As there are few specifi c studies on the pollination of angiosperms, the emphasis of this review is on understanding the pollination process by reviewing the knowledge of the ginger-insect pollinator interaction in Asia. Currently the plant-pollinator interaction of only 5% of Asian species of Zingiberaceae is evaluated. Previous studies indicate that bees, such as, halictid and blue-banded bees are, among the many fl oral vistors, the most important pollinators of ginger plants in Asia. Knowledge of non-bee pollinators is still scarce. In order to obtain a more detailed understanding of the interrelationship of the pollinators of ginger plants with the morphology of their fl owers, fl oral scent and geographical factors, further research is needed.