The Development Of Small Molecules And Growth Supplements To Control The Differentiation Of Stem Cells And The Formation Of Neural Tissues

The ability to direct the differentiation of mammalian stem cells down specific neural lineages is of significant value for basic research into the mechanisms that control neural development and the production of neural cell types for drug screening and potential therapeutic applications. An in-depth knowledge of the key signaling pathways that regulate stem cell renewal and neural differentiation is required to achieve this goal. This chapter reviews research using small molecules to control the differentiation of stem cells into neural phenotypes, mentioning in particular work on pluripotent stem cells and adult neuroprogenitor cells. The production of specific neural derivatives from stem cells in a reliable and consistent manner will depend on the development of standard operating procedures that incorporate the use of defined reagents including synthetic compounds. An example is highlighted by the development of a stable synthetic retinoid that acts as a potent inducer of neurogenesis resulting in enhanced neural development and decreased variability. Such compounds can be included in novel growth supplement formulations and protocols to further guide the differentiation of specific neural subpopulations. Collectively, these research tools will advance the use of stem cells in investigative research and contribute to the potential therapeutic application of stem cell biology.