ESTROGEN RECEPTORS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE

ABSTRACT There are two estrogen receptors (ERs), ER�. and ER�� , which are ligand activated transcription factors. Estrogen, which exerts its effect via ERs, is not only a female reproductive hormone, but acts almost ubiquitously in the human body and is involved in physiologicaland pathological states in both males and females. Estrogen has effects in bone maintenance and the cardiovascular and central nervous systems as well as the reproductive system. Estrogen reduces blood lipid levels and blood pressure as well as increases insulin sensitivity and endothelial function. The effects of estrogen on skeletal muscle tissue have not been studied extensively, although a few reports indicate a role in muscle strength development and involvement in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Just like estrogen physical activity reduces blood lipid levels and blood pressure as well as insulin sensitivity and endothelial function. Interestingly, physical activity