A comprehensive investigation of the synthesis of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides by whole cells of Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB 41171

The synthesis of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) by whole cells of Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB 41171 was investigated by developing a set of mathematical models. These were second order polynomial equations, which described responses related to the production of GOS constituents, the selectivity of lactose conversion into GOS, and the relative composition of the produced GOS mixture, as a function of the amount of biocatalyst, temperature, initial lactose concentration, and time. The synthesis reactions were followed for up to 36h. Samples were withdrawn every 4h, tested for β-galactosidase activity, and analysed for their carbohydrate content. GOS synthesis was well explained by the models, which were all significant (P<0.001). The GOS yield increased as temperature increased from 40°C to 60°C, as transgalactosylation became more pronounced compared to hydrolysis. The relative composition of GOS produced changed significantly with the initial lactose concentration (P<0.001); higher ratios of tri-, tetra-, and penta-galactooligosaccharides to transgalactosylated disaccharides were obtained as lactose concentration increased. Time was a critical factor, as a balanced state between GOS synthesis and hydrolysis was roughly attained in most cases between 12 and 20h, and was followed by more pronounced GOS hydrolysis than synthesis.