Invasive cardiac electrophysiology in the mouse: techniques and applications.

As the genetic nature of a wide spectrum of cardiovascular diseases is being elucidated, it is increasingly important to understand the functional role of specific genes on cardiac arrhythmia and conduction disturbances. The progress made in molecular genetics has allowed the creation of mice with targeted gene overexpression or elimination. These animals are valuable tools for researchers who have adapted their clinical and technical skills to the mouse, in order to extract information on the phenotypic consequences of the specific genetic disruption. In this review, we summarize the progress made in the field of invasive murine electrophysiology, focusing on the recent technical advances in in vivo electrophysiologic testing and its application to various genetically engineered mouse models. The authors' views on the future needs and trends in the field are also presented.