Acute myelogenous leukemia in first relapse treated with two consecutive autologous bone marrow transplantations: a pilot study.

The feasibility and the antileukemic activity of a double sequential autograft has been evaluated in 3 patients affected by AML in first hematological relapse. Bone marrow collection and cryopreservation was performed twice: during first complete remission (CR) and during second CR. At the time of relapse patients underwent first ABMT with BAVC preparative regimen achieving a second CR without any remarkable complications. After 4, 5 and 4 months respectively a second ABMT was performed with a different preparative regimen, consisting of cyclophosphamide and fractionated total body irradiation (Cy + F-TBI). A delay in platelet recovery was observed after the second procedure as compared to the first, while neutrophils recovery was comparable. 1 patient died in CR (on day +91 after second ABMT) of interstitial pneumonitis. 2 patients are alive and well without evidence of disease after 46 and 53 months of unmaintained second CR. This experience shows the high antileukemic potential of treatment with a double sequential autograft; 2 relapsed patients in fact are long-term survivors with a second CR longer than the first.