Functional And Comparative Analysis Of Globin Loci In Pufferfish And Humans
BLOOD(2003)
Abstract
To further our understanding of the regulation of vertebrate globin loci, we have isolated cosmids containing alpha- and beta-globin genes from the pufferfish Fugu rubripes. By DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, we show that Fugu contains 2 distinct hemoglobin loci situated on separate chromosomes. One locus contains only a-globin genes (alpha-locus), whereas the other also contains a beta-globin gene (alphabeta-locus). This is the first poikilothermic species analyzed in which the physical linkage of the alpha- and beta-globin genes has been uncoupled, supporting a model in which the separation of the alpha- and beta-globin loci has occurred through duplication of a locus containing both types of genes. Surveys for transcription factor binding sites and DNasel hypersensitive site mapping of the Fugu alphabeta-locus suggest that a strong distal locus control region regulating the activity of the globin genes, as found in mammalian beta-globin clusters, may not be present in the Fugu alphabeta-locus. Searching the human and mouse genome databases with the genes surrounding the pufferfish hemoglobin loci reveals that homologues of some of these genes are proximal to cytoglobin, a recently described novel member of the globin family. This provides evidence that duplication of the globin loci has occurred several times during evolution, resulting in the 5 human globin loci known to date, each encoding proteins with specific functions in specific cell types.
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Key words
transgenic,comparative analysis,transcription factor binding site,gene expression regulation,molecular,evolution,consensus sequence,comparative study,genetics,nucleic acid,regulatory sequences,gene duplication,locus control region
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