The significance of blocking antibodies in the monitoring of immunotherapy in immune abortions

Orthopedic implants are categorized into two groups including permanent joint replacements and temporary fracture fixation devices. Permanent orthopedic implants include the hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger joints, which are expected to serve in the human body throughout the life span of the patients. On the other hand, temporary orthopedic implants including plates, screws, pins, wires, and intramedullary nails are needed to fix broken or fractured bones and are supposed to serve for a relatively short time just long enough to let bones heal. Since orthopedic implants must function under different working conditions in vivo, a good understanding of the fundamental requirements of orthopedic materials and subsequent biological response is crucial to the design and optimization of implants under physiological conditions in the human body. Selection of the proper materials for orthopedic implant relies on the specific applications. Metallic alloys, ceramics, and polymers are commonly used in orthopedic implants. These materials possess different physical, chemical, and biological properties that cater to specific applications. Despite the success of traditional materials, new and better biomaterials are being developed continuously to satisfy the ever-increasing demand.