The Effect of Iontophoretic-Delivered Polyplex Vaccine on Melanoma Regression

Although the strategy in cancer vaccination is to provide a therapeutic effect against an established tumor, there is an urgent need to develop prophylactic vaccines for non-viral cancers. In this study, we prepared polyplex nanoparticles through electrostatic interactions between a positively-charged modified tumor associated antigen, namely human derived melanoma gp100(25-33) peptide (KVPRNQDWL-RRRR), and a negatively charged cytosine-phosphate-guanosine motif (CpG-ODN) adjuvant. We previously demonstrated successful transdermal delivery of various hydrophilic macromolecules by iontophoresis (IP) using weak electricity. Herein, we investigated the effectiveness of IP in the transdermal delivery of a prophylactic polyplex vaccine. IP was successful in establishing a homogenous distribution of the vaccine throughout skin. Efficacy of the vaccine was demonstrated against melanoma growth. A significant tumor regression effect was observed, which was confirmed by elevated mRNA expression levels of various cytokines, mainly interferon (IFN)-gamma, as well as infiltration of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. Additionally, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of the vaccine and we found a significant reduction in tumor burden. Stimulation of systemic immunity was confirmed by upregulation of IFN-gamma. This is the first report to demonstrate the use of IP in the transdermal delivery of a prophylactic melanoma vaccine.