On the integral use of foundational concepts in verifying validity during skull-photo superimposition.

•Use of ‘life-size’ images alone enables quantitation during superimposition.•Dynamic skull orientation requires use of frontal and rear plane landmarks.•Integration of wipe images enables point-to-point match against mix images.•Reduced accuracies during superimposition as due to transitions in concepts.•Integration of verification steps ensures validity in superimposition test.