Perception and history: molecular phylogeny of a diverse group of neotropical frogs, the 30-chromosome hyla (anura: hylidae).

We used 16S rRNA, 12S rRNA, and cytochrome-b sequence to investigate the history of the “30-chromosome” Hyla, a diverse assemblage of neotropical treefrogs. Three aspects of these frogs were examined: (1) phylogenetic relationships among constituent species groups, among the species of one of these groups (Hyla leucophyllata group), and among populations of Hyla leucophyllata; (2) the apparent age of cladogenetic events; and (3) the phylogeography of H. leucophyllata. Mixed success in resolving the phylogeny is not because of a lack of character variation; levels of genetic divergence are high and suggest pre-Pleistocene diversification, even among populations. Close temporal proximity of ancient cladogenetic events might make resolution of the topology difficult using any character set. At the population level, current geographic proximity is a poor predictor of phylogenetic affinity. A long history of dispersal and colonization may complicate, or even preclude, the accurate recovery of the history of this species in the Amazon Basin. It remains to be seen whether the patterns found here will prove common among neotropical frogs.