Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Prophylaxis Mission (Im)Possible

Background Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is one of the most important complications following vitreoretinal surgery. So far, surgical strategies have been the gold standard in treatment. Pharmacological approaches for prevention and treatment of PVR are under clinical investigation and intervene in different phases of the PVR cascade. Methods The relevant literature as well as own data and experience with PVR are discussed in this review article. The most important aspects of pharmacological approaches for PVR prophylaxis and treatment are explained. Results A prophylactic use of systemic prednisone administration as an anti-inflammatory substance showed contradictory results, while there was no additional benefit for intravitreal triamcinolone. Orally administered isotretinoin also seems to be able to minimize the formation of PVR after retinal reattachment surgery, whereas there was no improvement in the success rate in established PVR. Cell proliferation inhibitors have already been extensively studied. The combined intravitreal prophylactic approach of 5-fluorouracil and low molecular weight heparin was recently further investigated in a multicenter, placebo-controlled study and showed a positive effect in some studies. New preclinical and experimental approaches include the inhibition of growth factors, modulation of integrin activity and the induction of apoptosis. Conclusion Most clinical studies dealt with an anti-inflammatory or antiproliferative approach. So far, no pharmacological substance has been established for the treatment of PVR but there are promising approaches for prophylaxis.