An Optimized Electrochemical Methodology by Box-Behnken Design for Non-Enzymatic Determination of Uric Acid in Urine Samples Using a Bi₂O₃ Nanoparticles-Carbon Paste Electrode

In this work, Bi2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) were used for the construction of a modified carbon paste electrode for the non-enzymatic determination of uric acid in human urine samples by differential pulse voltammetry as the quantitative analytical technique which was optimized using a Box-Behnken design. Bi2O3-NPs/CPE sensor showed an excellent performance for uric acid oxidation presenting two linear ranges of 5-300 and 300-1000 mu M. The good reproducibility, repeatability, low interference in the presence of other chemical species, and statistical evaluation demonstrated that the proposed methodology is as reliable as the enzymatic spectrophotometric technique for the quantification of uric acid in human urine samples. Bi2O3 nanostructures resulted in a good modifier for the development of an effective non-enzymatic electrochemical methodology for the determination of uric acid in physiological samples.