My main research sites are Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula and the forests of Japan’s Hokkaido. Once again Kakenhi support in the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) and (B) categories, among others, have been vital in allowing me to advance my research. I have also worked to elucidate the range of mechanisms through which various types of trees growing in frigid climates handle environmental stress, and to evaluate how climate changes of recent years have impacted boreal forests.