Her current research focuses on laboratory analyses of astromaterials to determine how materials in the Solar System have formed and evolved from the initial formation of the nebula to modern day. She is recognized for her leadership in the application of electron microscopy and focused ion beam methods to the study of presolar stardust, and returned comet, asteroid, and interstellar dust samples. Asteroid 8468Rhondastroud is named in her honor by the International Astronomical Union.
Her NRL research portfolio combined ONR funded microscopy of novel materials for optical, electronic and energy applications with NASA-sponsored research on meteorites and returned samples.
Stroud has served in several leadership and subject matter expert roles for NASA, DOE, DoD, the National Academies, and is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the Meteoritical Society, the Microscopy Society of America and the Microanalysis Society. She was a member of the Small Bodies committee of the 2023-2032 NASA Planetary Science Decadal Survey, a member of the NASA Planetary Science Advisory Committee (2018-2020), and the President of the Microanalysis Society (2018-2020).