Prof. Rudd has been changing one thing into another ever since. Supported by academic funding from the EU and from Ireland, she has developed strategies for changing glycans into clinical markers in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. An invited review of her published findings on glycans as biomarkers, co-authored with Barbara Adamczyk and Tharmala Tharmalingam, was recently published by the scientific journal Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. This research may one day lead to the development of simple blood tests to diagnose cancers and measure the impact of treatments.