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After graduating in 1947 from Cornell University Medical College Dr. Clements joined its Physiology Department as a research fellow and instructor. Two years later, when a shortage of military doctors became acute, he volunteered for service and was assigned to the United States Army Medical Research Laboratory at Edgewood, Maryland. As a part of his duties there he developed an interest in pulmonary function and began to elucidate the physical and chemical properties of a previously unknown material he named “lung surfactant” which was later found to be essential to normal breathing. This application of biochemical knowledge to respiratory mechanics was an unlikely, pioneering step, and for several years physiologists and physicians largely ignored it. Dr. Clements’ education had been unusual, however, in that he had a special interest in chemistry and as an undergraduate had taken courses in the chemical engineering curriculum rather than the introductory pre-medical chemistry courses. Also, he had a colleague and friend at the Edgewood laboratories who was an expert on protein films at water surfaces and who taught him rudiments of surface phenomena. Dr. Clements’ manuscript describing the surfactant was rejected by Science magazine in 1956 but, a year later, appeared in an un-reviewed journal. The Institute of Scientific Information later found that this was among the most cited papers in the medical literature. It was only after several years of research that the “mysterious” surfactant was proven to be a lipid-protein complex that could lower surface tension dramatically and thereby prevent the airspaces of the lungs from collapsing. Before that, in 1958, he had discussed the importance of the surfactant in maintaining expansion of the airspaces, and also his methods of demonstrating the surfactant, with Avery and Mead of Harvard University. In 1959 they reported that the surfactant was missing from the lungs of infants who had died with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This seminal finding proved the clinical relevance of the surfactant and entrained the interest of many researchers. The ensuing growth of surfactant studies opened the door to the science of pulmonary biology.
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Pediatric Researchno. 2 (2005): 206-210
Pediatric Researchno. 5 (2005): 913-918
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