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个人简介
Dr. Daya Shankar Gupta is a neuroscientist, who is interested in how the time dimension in the sub-second to supra-second range is represented in the brain and how this plays a role in the cognitive functions of the brain.
Dr. Gupta recently proposed (Gupta and Bahmer 2019) that there is a decrease in entropy – a measure of surprise or uncertainty given external stimuli and movements – in the brain’s neuronal activities due to an increase in mutual information - a measure of correlated neuronal activities. The reduction in entropy (a resolution of uncertainty or surprise) is responsible for the increase in knowledge underlying perception and voluntary motor control by the brain. Dr. Gupta is also interested in the role of the temporal coupling of neural events. Temporal coupling occurs when neural events are separated by average durations varying from zero to hundreds of milliseconds. Temporal coupling of neural events results from the requirement of successful interaction for the survival of an organism in the physical world. Dr. Gupta has proposed that an increase in mutual information is mainly due to temporal coupling. Dr. Gupta argues that temporal coupling reduces entropy in spiking patterns when movements and sensory stimuli increase the probability of joint activity of pairs of cortical neurons; individual activities may be separated by a mean duration of zero to hundreds of milliseconds. Note that a successful interaction of the brain with the physical world is critically dependent on the temporal coupling of neural events with each other as well as with external events.
Dr. Gupta's work explains why the cerebral cortex, and not the cerebellum with a similarly high number of neurons is the site of perception and voluntary control. The cerebral cortex receives most sensory inputs along with motor information about movements manipulating the environment, relayed back by the thalamus, which leads to an increase in entropy. Thus, the cortex is the site that contains the largest number of pairs of neurons that have an increased probability of coactivation during an interaction with the physical world. Additionally, the damage to the brain stem, which contains fibers transmitting sensory and motor information between the cortex and peripheral structures, such as muscles and receptors, results in the loss of consciousness.
Dr. Gupta explains why the processing of sensory stimuli and movements, manipulating the environment, produce activities of neurons that are stochastic – leading to an increase in entropy. Any increase in neuronal activities is stochastic in nature if there is no knowledge about the factors triggering the neuronal activities. However, the uncertainty in neuronal patterns is resolved, if there is a successful interaction with the physical environment, promoting the chances of survival of the organism. Successful interaction depends on temporal coupling, which reduces entropy by increasing correlated activities (mutual information). Reduction of entropy is the gain of knowledge that forms the basis of perception and voluntary motor control.
Dr. Gupta’s work does not require an explanation based on the presence of specific circuits. The minimum requirement is pairs of neurons consisting of any sensory and motor neurons that can be temporally coupled during an interaction with the environment. A simple example is a reflex arc consisting of sensory and motor neurons.
Dr. Gupta explains the difference between the roles of neural synchronization and temporal coupling in reducing entropy. Both synchronization and temporal coupling reduce entropy by increasing the probability of joint activity of pairs of neurons (mutual information). Since synchronization increases mutual information given the activity of other brain circuits, it does not primarily increase the knowledge about the external physical world. However, temporal coupling increases mutual information given the external stimuli processed in the cortex and movements, programmed as muscle synergies and learned motor skills, manipulating the outside physical world, increasing the knowledge about the physical world. Feedback signals, relayed from the cerebellum, processing actual movement information, to the motor cortex, are likely to disrupt temporal coupling due to the direct interaction of the cortex with physical surroundings.
Dr. Gupta notes that neural synchronization may inhibit temporal coupling, thus, information processing occurs during desynchronized states. Interestingly, transmagnetic stimulation, which may interfere with temporal coupling similar to neural synchronization, has been shown to induce blindsight, the lack of awareness of visual stimuli while detection of stimuli remains above chance.
The decrease in entropy has an energy cost, which explains the physical basis of perception. The physical nature explains why the perception of an object, such as a car parked in front of a house, is similar for everyone.
研究兴趣
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Biological cybernetics (2024)
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (2023)
Diandra Caroline Martins E Silva,Victor Marinho,Silmar Teixeira, Gabriela Teles,João Marques,Anderson Escórcio,Thayaná Fernandes, Ana Cláudia Freitas,Monara Nunes,Marcos Ayres,Carla Ayres,Juliana Bittencourt Marques,
FRONTIERS IN COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE (2021): 729296-729296
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