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An organism’s response to environmental stresses has both a predetermined and an adaptive nature. The predetermined response reflects the cell-type specific differences in signaling pathways and gene expression programs, while adaptive responses reflect the ability of individual cells within a given lineage to integrate distinct environmental cues and respond to them in a well-calibrated fashion. Both types of responses depend largely on tightly controlled gene-expression programs that operate within limits imposed by a gene-specific chromatin environment. In the immune system, changes in chromatin are associated with, and contribute to, the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into highly diverse immune-cell subpopulations. Cell-type specific programs that drive responses of differentiated immune cells to pathogens differ significantly between B and T lineage cells, as well as between cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems. The Tarakhovsky laboratory studies the mechanisms by which pathogens affect the function of chromatin, as well as how they affect long-lasting immune and non-immune cell responses to the environment.
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